
@
@
Posted
October 22, 2019 (JST)
Updated
July 18, 2020 (JST)
Top 20 Myths about Mitsuyo Maeda
(aka Conde Koma)
@
@By Roberto Pedreira
Rorion Gracie
reintroduced jiu-jitsu to the world partly by skillfully hyping his dad,
Helio Gracie (for four early examples, see here,
here, here,
and here). He was criticized for
favoring his dad at the expense of his uncle Carlos (most volubly by Reyla
Gracie). And by Eduardo
Pereira and others for ignoring Carlson, Robson, and numerous other
legends. But what Rorion did was neither unusual nor new. Hype
and obfuscation have always been part of the business of martial arts,
and jiu-jitsu in particular. The founder of Kodokan Judo, and indirectly
BJJ, Jigoro Kano
(‰Ã”[–èŒÜ˜Y)
himself pointed it out in 1889 and he wasn't immune to its attractions (here). In
fact, Kano innovated many of the methods that are still used today to
promote martial arts. Moreover, Kano's own jûjutsu/judo odyssey
began when he was attracted by choreographed martial arts shows not
unlike the pro-wrestling and jiu-jitsu stage shows that followed.
Possibly without even realizing, Rorion was following in the footsteps
of the ultimate "Asian master". The methods were tried, they
were true. And as we can see, they worked and are still working (here).
Not exactly by design, the Gracies, and even more
so, their followers,
over-hyped a Kodokan judoka named Mitsuyo Maeda (aka Conde Koma), who, they say,
taught Carlos Gracie "real jiu-jitsu" which he, Carlos, improved and
Brazilianized. Maeda's jiu-jitsu, although real, was not real enough for Carlos
Gracie. Either Maeda neglected to teach his best student
(according to Carlos, himself), about leverage, or Carlos forgot about it when he Brazilianized and
improved jiu-jitsu. Along came Carlos' younger brother Helio, who added the
leverage that had been missing.
Actually the Gracies have had relatively little to say about Maeda. None of them
met him, with the possible but by no means certain exception of Carlos, who was
an unreliable source of information about virtually anything and everything. Most of the
misinformation floating around the internet and in popular UFC-inspired
mass-market books about Maeda comes from other people, including researchers,
martial arts teachers, academy owners, and anonymous forum posters (note). Following are the
20 Top Myths about
Mitsuyo Maeda (for more, and documentation see Craze 1 and Craze 2).
Note. Long vowels are indicated with a
circumflex or macron. Japanese names and some familiar terms are written as they are
written by Kodokan (for example, judo, Kodokan, Jigoro Kano). Names are written
in the western style when written alphabetically; in Japanese style, family
name first, when written in kanji (example: Mitsuyo Maeda versus
‘O“cŒõ¢).
@
Myth 1. Maeda's name was Mayeda, or Esai Maeda.
Fact: There is much misinformation about Maeda's name. Part of it is
due to the fact that spelling was unstandardized at the time, people did not
know how to write or pronounce Japanese words or names; Japanese people had
various names and changed them from time to time; and it is sometimes
impossible to know how a Japanese person's name (written in kanji characters) is
pronounced unless they tell you. Japanese readers were only slightly less
confused than foreigners. Almost everyone's name was pronounced or written
incorrectly at various times, including even Jigoro Kano's name and the name of
his training facility and system, Kodokan.
Maeda's family name was written with two kanji
characters:
‘O“c. This is pronounced with two syllables (or mora),
approximately like my-da (the a in da pronounced like the e
in the). His personal name before leaving Japan was written
žÄ¢,
which can be pronounced Hideyo,
Eiyo, Eise, and others. According to some historians, Maeda pronounced
his name Hideyo. According to personal friends, he preferred Eiyo. (And
there was no cultural or legal reason why he couldn't use both.) While
in America and just before leaving for England he legally changed it to
Mitsuyo, written
Œõ¢.
Kohyama
Norio speculates that Maeda changed his name in July 1905 because he
didn't want to be confused with the famous Japanese medical researcher Noguchi
Hideyo (–ìŒû‰p¢)
who was also in New York at that time. Kohyama doesn't offer any
evidence but simply asserts that it "can be supposed" (l‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é).
It may seem like academic hair-splitting.
It's not. It tells us that the speaker or writer got the information second or
third hand and is recycling myths and misinformation. (Unfortunately, reading
Japanese is no guarantee of getting accurate information, with some
exceptions.)
Maeda used various other ring names over the years,
including Yamato Maida and Conde Koma, all mixed and spelled in a wide
variety of ways (such as Yamato Koma, among many others). He also
adopted the name Octavio (aka Otavio) in Brazil. In fact, Maeda's name
on his gravestone in Belém is spelled "Mayeda" (Octavio
Mitsuyo Mayeda) while
his second wife's name is spelled "Maeda" (May
Maeda Koma).
Myth 2. Maeda taught Carlos Gracie.
Fact: Carlos took some lessons from Jacyntho Ferro. Jacyntho
Ferro was one of Maeda's students. There is no evidence that Carlos ever
met Maeda. Carlos lineage therefore goes back to Maeda via Jacyntho
Ferro. By
the same token, it goes back to Kano. By the same token, everyone who
trains jiu-jitsu or ever did, has a lineage that goes back to Kano. And
even farther because Kano also had numerous teachers (although he was
certified by only one, see Craze 1 chapter 5 for details and
documentation). A different question is who certified Carlos
Gracie. Taking lessons from someone and being certified by them are
entirely different things. There is no evidence that anyone (who was
qualified to do so) ever certified Carlos Gracie or vouched for his
knowledge of or abilities in "jiu-jitsu" (excluding Helio, who
was not a neutral source, and whose opinions about Carlos were
contradictory and ever-changing).
Myth 3. Carlos was Maeda's prize pupil.
Fact: So Carlos claimed (but denied by Rorion,
Helio, Donato Pires dos Reis, among others). See #
1 above and Choque 1, Choque 3, and Gracie 2008).
Myth 4. Maeda taught Helio Gracie. So says Erik
Paulson. Erik is a knowledgeable teacher
and former student of Yori Nakamura, Rickson Gracie, and Rigan Machado;
an experienced competitor; a Hollywood movie stuntman/actor; and as of
recently, the author of a book about martial arts history. Also so
says Joe Rogan. Joe is a popular internet talk-show host.
According to Joe, "Count Mayeda...who...he came to Brazil and taught
Carlos and Rorion and, and [sic] Helio, well, mostly Helio."
Fact: Helio never trained with Maeda. Helio always denied that he even met Maeda.
He never even heard of jiu-jitsu or Maeda until sometime after 1929, he claimed.
See for examples Choque 2, Choque 3, here,
here, and here.
Fact 5. Maeda was a "jiu-jitsu practitioner".
Again, according to Erik
Paulson, but
also many others.
Fact: Erik may be using the word "jiu-jitsu" to mean ground
grappling (as many people do these days). But Maeda did not know or care much about ground grappling.
It didn't interest him and he didn't bother to train it in Japan, according to
himself (see Craze 2 for details and documentation).
(This is a simplified summary. The
relationships between jûjuitsu, jiu-jitsu, and judo were complicated.
Almost everyone was either confused or linguistically inconsistent. See Craze 1 and
Craze 2 for details and documentation regarding all points mentioned
above.)
Myth 6. Maeda had over 1,000 matches.
So says Erik Paulson along with many other people.
According to one Japanese historian, Maeda had h2,000
fights without any losses" ["“ñ‚O‚O‚O‰ñí‚¢•s”s‚ðŒÖ‚éh]
Fact: Maeda's matches consisted of a
handful of catch as catch can contests, in which he was somewhat
successful (see Craze 2 for details). He also had
"matches" against people who attended his demonstrations. Most
of his matches were prepared exhibitions disguised as authentic battles,
against his own group of judoka, and with members of groups of
professional wrestlers (who worked for Maeda's own employers), all in
the context of stage shows. Maeda never pretended (to his friends in
Japan) that these were anything other than fake fights. He also had
matches (if you can call them that) against curious, untrained
spectators at his shows, always under very tightly specific conditions
with numerous restrictions. Finally he had a few matches, apparently
genuine, with people who had some athletic abilities, but no judo
experience. For example, with boxers who were not permitted to punch,
and so on. They were in every case or almost every case, all smaller
than Maeda (there were not many of these type of matches). Maeda also
had a few matches with curious practitioners of other grappling styles.
Maeda personally regarded them as "training" (ŒmŒÃ)
rather
than fights@(Ÿ•‰).
He also had a few encounters (he said) with jiu-jitsu or judo wannabes,
people who overestimated their abilities after reading a book, watching
a show, or taking a few privates. So, using a very loose definition of
"match" that includes private sparring sessions with newbies
and faked wrestling shows, Maeda had many. However based on his fights
that can be verified (see Craze 1 appendix 8, Craze 2 appendix 2, and
Choque 1 appendix 2), the number of his legit fights could be counted
one three or four hands and even some of those are questionable.
The idea that
Maeda had thousands of fights and victories originated with Susukida
Zaun in 1912 (Susukida 1912-a; 1912-b). It was nothing more than
speculation, based on the unsupported assumption that Maeda must be
fighting constantly, 2-3 fights every night, and seldom or never losing
(even though Susukida's own evidence contradicts his assumption).
Evidence now shows clearly that Maeda did not have challengers from the
audience on most nights, and most of his "fights" were either
with his friends or fellow performers.
To be perfectly
clear, Maeda had some legitimate matches (where there were rules
specifying how to win) and some quasi-matches (without rules specifying
how to win, which Maeda himself regarded as "training" rather
than fighting). These were exceptions to his usual schedule of public
exhibitions and show matches. (Many examples of all varieties of Maeda's
public matches (etc.) are described with documentation in Craze 2).
Myth 7. Maeda taught the Russian police.
Fact: Maeda did not teach the Russian police and did not go
to Russia. When Maeda needed a paying job, after Spain, he considered
various destinations including Russia, but decided to go to Cuba instead. He
never went to Russia. He was planning to go back to Japan via Europe
after he finished his South America visit. But he never left Brazil
except for a series of stage performances in Cuba in 1921.
Myth 8. Maeda was a catch wrestler. According to Erik Paulson and others.
Fact: Maeda competed in a catch as catch can wrestling
tournament in 1908 and one other catch match a few months later. He was
moderately successful (see Craze 2, chapter 4). Maeda did not
consider that competing in a handful of catch matches in 1908 made him a
catch wrestler. He was both a Kodokan judoka and a professional
wrestler. Being a professional wrestler, to Maeda, meant entertaining
the public. Judo was an identity, pro wrestling was a job. He admired
catch wrestlers' skills (he said) and was not averse to learning what he could
that was useful for his stage shows for example
pinning, because his judo newaza was weak (he said)
Myth 9. Maeda was a vale tudo fighter.
Fact: Maeda never had a vale tudo
fight. He talked about
fighting famous boxers, such as Tommy Burns, James J. Jeffries, and Jack
Johnson, but didn't fight them. He was confident (he said) that he would
win. He was also confident (he said) that he could win against knives
and guns. But this was just talk. None of it happened. Maeda faced (he
said) a few boxers. By "boxers" he meant they wore
gloves and were free to try to swing at him. He did not mention many
details about when, where, and who, and none of the alleged encounters
can be confirmed. In some cases, Maeda himself said the
"boxers" were beginners with minimal skills at best. In
other cases, their skills were not sufficient for them to gain a name in
the boxing world.
The legend of Maeda as a vale tudo fighter seems to have been
invented (or if not, then most widely disseminated) by a book reviewer named
Mark Gorsuch. It was then borrowed by Reila Gracie (without citing Mark Gorsuch)
and recycled. According to Mark Gorsuch "Maedafs strategy in an anything goes
fight was to set his opponent up with an elbow or low kick. He would then go in
for a throw and finish his opponent with a choke or joint lockh.
He cited no evidence for this claim because there is no evidence. There is no
evidence because it didn't happen.
But Reila Gracie must have
thought that Mark Gorsuch found evidence in the book he was reviewing,
Norio Kohyama's
1997 book ƒ‰ƒCƒIƒ“‚Ì–²[[ƒRƒ“ƒfƒRƒ}‘O“cŒõ¢“`.
According to Reyla, "His [Maeda's] style was aggressive. He would use kicks
and punches to bring his opponent to the ground, and then quickly finish him
with a 'lock' or choke" (
gSeu
estilo ao lutar era agressivo\usava chutes e soccos para lever o adversario ao
solo, onde rapidamente o finalizava com uma chave ou um estrangulamentoh
(Gracie, Reila, 2008, p. 37; Carlos Gracie: O Criador de uma Dinastia).
For a synopsis/commentary on Reila's book, see Here.
Mark Gorsuch didn't get this from Kohyama's
book because it isn't in Kohyama's book.
He also
didn't get it from Gracies in Action
1, or
Pat Jordan's Playboy article, or
Gracies in Action 2. Then where
did he get it?
Back in the day, people watched the UFC and saw punches and low kicks,
followed up by judo techniques such as guard and mount positions, armlocks, and
chokes (all judo positions and techniques). Fans
were told that the Gracies learned from Maeda. The Gracies must have learned about punches
and kicks from Maeda. Therefore, Maeda must have taught them. Therefore it must
have been a feature of his "style" or "strategy". It
all fit (in fact, it was like a typical conspiracy theory, minus the
conspiracy).
There's a hole in the theory. All of
Conde Komafs matches
were fought without striking. His style did not include
elbows, punches or kicks. Mitsuyo Maeda wasn't a vale tudo fighter.
Myth 10. Maeda fought John Piening, aka the "Butcher Boy".
Fact: So says Jose Cairus
(2011, p. 119 note 43). John Piening was a
well-known New York-based 28 year old (in 1905) Greco-Roman wrestler whose
ring-name was "Brooklyn Butcher Boy" or just "Butcher Boy".
The match was a best 2 of 3 falls
professional match. Japanese authors refer to Butcher Boy (or Brooklyn Butcher
Boy) not John Piening. Nevertheless, they described the fight as brutal.
Butcher Boy put up a ferocious fight but Maeda, they said, totally dominated
and won the first two falls (hence the fight). Some writers (including Raisuke
Kudô) described Butcher Boy trying to punch Maeda.
The original source of the
information was Susukida 1912-a (retold with some tweaks in 1943). Susukida claimed that his source was
Maeda himself (Maeda, or someone, sent an American news article that
Susukida misinterpreted). (Some of Maeda's reports from overseas were
published in Japanese magazines between 1909 and 1911). Subsequent writers over the years borrowed
from Susukida (unavoidably, as it was the only source) and tended to
exaggerate Butcher Boy's size. The
original size estimates also came from Susukida 1912-a. (To spell it
out, there are not ten different independent sources, rather there is
one source, which happens to be inaccurate. The primary source, which
was not cited, was also inaccurate; it is cited in Craze 2).
Author |
Date |
BB Wt. |
BB Ht. |
MM Wt. |
MM Ht. |
Susukida
|
1912-a
|
248.1 lb
|
6' +
|
148.9 lb
|
5' 4"
|
Susukida
|
1943
|
248.1 lb.
|
@
|
@
|
@
|
Kudô
|
1972
|
250 lb
|
6'
|
146 lb
|
5' 2"
|
Kojima
|
1983
|
330 lb
|
@
|
138.6 lb
|
5'
5"
|
Yokota
|
1996
|
330 lb
|
180 cm
|
@
|
@
|
Kohyama
|
1997
|
248.1lb
|
180 cm
|
@
|
@
|
Marushima
|
1997
|
248.6 lb
|
182 cm
|
149.6 lb
|
5'
5"
|
Takahashi
|
1999
|
330 lb
|
187 cm
|
165 lb
|
5'
5"
|
Matsunami
|
2002
|
242 lb
|
@
|
@
|
@
|
Tanigami
|
2012
|
248.6 lb
|
182 cm
|
@
|
@
|
Judo
Daijiten
|
1999
|
|
|
140.8
lb
|
5'
5"
|
Note. BB
= Butcher Boy; MM = Mitsuyo Maeda. The weights and heights were
provided variably in kilograms, pounds, kan (ŠÑ@=
8.27 lb), kin (‹Ò
= 1.323 lb), shaku (ŽÚ = 0.995 feet), and sun
(¡=
1.193 inches). Some authors provided measurements in several forms with
approximate and sometimes inaccurate equivalents. The works referenced
above can be found here. (Judo Daijiten
does not mention a Butcher Boy fight). According to Judo Daijiten 1999, citing Oimatsu
1976 (republished in 1979), Maeda was 164 cm tall and weighed 64 kg (140. 8 lb) between
1897 and 1899 (Oimatsu may have been drawing on
Susukida's estimates). Maeda's weight according to Judo Daijiten is
provided for reference. Undoubtedly he would have put on a few pounds by
1905.
There are several problems with
the story of Maeda versus John Butcher Boy Piening. The first is that
John Piening weighed or wrestled at 170 to 175 lb, not 248 to 330 lb.
The second is that John Piening was 3,000 miles away on the night the
fight was scheduled to take place. The third problem is that Maeda's
scheduled opponent was not John Piening, or anyone else named Butcher
Boy, but instead a 130 lb wannabe catch as catch can wrestler named
Oscar Dresedorf, whose nick-name was not "Butcher Boy". The best evidence available indicates that either this fight did not
happen, or if it did was too insignificant to report (details and
documentation in Craze 2).
Piening, like most wrestlers, was skeptical about jiu-jitsu.
Maeda was not a high-profile opponent. In fact, in the New York pro
wrestling world in 1905 he was nobody. He had no resume as a professional
wrestler. Piening, already famous in New York, had
nothing to gain by challenging Maeda so he didn't. Instead he challenged
Katsukuma Higashi, who was famous. That fight didn't happen either.
Myth 11. Maeda fought a
boxing-wrestling champion named Mayer in 1905 and demolished him.
Fact: Most of the same authors who erroneously
claim that Maeda fought Butcher Boy also claim that in late August 1905, or
around then, he fought an 83 kg wrestling-boxing champion from Boston named
Mayer (ƒ}[ƒ„ which
could be Maia, Meier, Mayer, Meyer, or others). As with Butcher Boy, this is based on Susukida's original story and
is unconfirmed and improbable.@
Myth 12. Maeda taught or met the American President Theodore Roosevelt or fought an
enormous American wrestler in his presence in the White House.
Fact: It was mentioned in Mark Gorsuch review's of Kohyama
(above). Mark Gorsuch did not claim that it happened, only that John Stevens claimed
it in Three Budo Masters. John Stevens did not provide sources and was
probably relying on Raisuke Kudô's book. But Raisuke Kudo was incorrect. Maeda
did not meet the President or teach him and didn't fight anyone in the White
House. Raisuke Kudô was mixing up several other incidents that did happen. But neither one
involved Maeda.
Myth 13: Maeda taught the Gracies the secrets of real
fighting (according to Helio himself, echoed by Rorion
and Reila.)
Fact: Maeda may have been an expert at real fighting (as opposed to judo), but there is no
evidence of that from his stage and competition career. He described getting
into a brawl with five policemen in Boston in 1906 but aspects of the
account leave room for doubt as to its accuracy (source).
Whatever the Gracie
brothers knew about real fighting and wherever they
learned, it didn't come from Maeda. Oddly, the only real fighting technique
Helio used in the ring, apart from judo techniques, was the kick to the
throat that he delivered to Dudú in 1937 (see Choque 1,
chapter 17).
Myth 14: Mitsuyo Maeda
"Conde Koma" introduced Jiu-jitsu to Brazil.
Fact: Maeda was not the first. The first was Sada Miyako (aka Miaco, aka
Miako, who arrived in Rio under mysterious circumstances on December 31, 1908, along
with a female partner, who performed with him. His actual
training background if any was never mentioned and is still unknown. Nevertheless, Sada Miyako taught a general sportsman/capoeira expert named Mario Aleixo
(according to Aleixo himself without offering any proof). Later Aleixo taught jiu-jitsu in Rio, even before
Maeda arrived, sometimes collaborating with a Japanese instructor. Amateur jiu-jitsu matches were held in late
1909 (see Choque 1, chp. 7).
Myth 15.@Maeda
was the World Jiu-Jitsu champion.
Fact: There was no
such thing. Yet many people claimed the title of world jiu-jitsu
champion (see Craze 2 for numerous examples). Maeda's particular
claim came in Cuba when he and his partner Satake 4-dan put
on series of fake matches to decide who was the world champion. Maeda
"won". (Both Maeda and Satake admitted the matches were fake).
They repeated the same charade in Mexico a year later.
Myth 16. Maeda's
judo teacher was Yokoyama Sakujirō
(‰¡ŽR쎟˜Y).
Fact: Maeda's first
judo teacher was a Kodokan shodan (‰’i)
named Iwazaki ((Šâè).
He was also instructed by Kawahara Yatarō
(쌴–푾˜Y)
and Washio
(˜h”ö),
and a nidan (“ñ’i)
named Isoya (ˆé’J).@
Myth 17. Maeda's
judo teacher was Prof. Tomita.
Fact: Prof. Tomita
out-ranked Maeda by two dan, and was older (by about 13 years) and Maeda
was Tomita's demonstration uke for a year in America. Kodokan and other
Japanese sources do not mention Tomita as being Maeda's teacher. (Prof.
Tomita was Tomita Tsunejirō,
•x“c펟˜Y; for details about Prof. Tomita see
Craze 1 chapter 5,
and Craze 2).
Myth 18. Maeda
was a Japanese spy.
Fact: Maeda was
accused of being a Japanese spy in Cuba during his first visit in
December 1908 to July 1909, by an anti-Japan American-owned English
language newspaper (according to Maeda via Susukida Zaun 1912-a, pp.
416-418). No evidence was offered. Maeda denied it. He was a wrestler,
not a spy, he said. It is true that Japan had agents posted in countries
of interest and recruited both Japanese nationals and foreigners to help
gather intelligence and influence public opinion (see Craze 1).
It is true that Maeda had contacts with Japanese diplomats and agents in
some places (not necessarily Cuba, see Craze 2). It is true that
some Japanese diplomats and agents had trained at Kodokan. However,
Maeda's value to Japan's military and foreign ministry was in creating a
positive impression of Japan through his judo teaching and wrestling
shows (as he emphasized in his letters to Japan). He may have provided
opinions and impressions, when asked on social occasions, as anyone else
could have. That was hardly a big deal considering the access to the
highest levels of American government and military that judo men had
already enjoyed. So Maeda possibly was, but probably was not a spy in
any sense of that word.
Myth 19. Maeda
taught Rorion Gracie. According to Joe Rogan (see # 4 above).
Fact: Maeda did
not teach Rorion. Maeda died in 1941. Rorion was born in 1952. (We get
it; Joe is not a historian, he is simply reflecting common myths and
misconceptions, while at the same time spreading them among his vast
audience of MMA fans.)
Myth 20. Maeda
knew aikido. According to aikido practitioner and Hollywood movie actor
(Fight Club) Edward Norton: "He [Maeda] knew aikido and
jiu-jitsu, offered to teach his [ Gastão Gracie's]
sons."
Fact: Maeda
left Japan (and never returned) before aikido was invented. Maeda did
not know aikido and the only "jiu-jitsu" he knew was the
technical component of Kodokan judo. See Craze 1 chapter 5. (We
get it; Edward Norton is an actor, not a historian. See # 19.)
*
For more
documented information about Mitsuyo Maeda see Choque 1, Craze
1, Craze 2. and Craze 3 (forthcoming 2020 or 2021).
@
@Notes
@
1. How Kano
constructed and promoted his system is explained and documented in Craze1,
chapter 5 and passim.
@
2. However
Rorion's more direct inspirations (whether or not he was aware of it) were Yae
Kichi Yabe and Irving Hancock (see Craze 1 and Craze 2).
@
3. According to
Erik Paulson:
"....Count Mayeda, who actually trained Helio Gracie, who was a
judo and jiu-jitsu practitioner, and he was also a catch-wrestler. He had over
1,000 matches." From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6c8qeo36ZA
@
4. The
Joe Rogan-Edward Norton interview is probably not super-recent, but is still on
youtube as of November 5, 2019. The comments about "Count Mayeda",
aikido, etc. come at about 8:00. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUwU5VMXw64
@
5. Koga
Zansei (see below, page 30) was one who did. It was not common but it was not
rare either.
@
6.
Takahashi
1999, p.
82.
@
7.
There are many Kodokan sources, including Kano's voluminous writings
(see Craze 1), Koga Zansei 1934, Maruyama 1939, the writings of
Oimatsu Shinichi, and others. Jūdō Daijiten
(_“¹‘厫“T)
provides
brief summaries based on the abovementioned (however, errors are included as well). Maeda's significance for Kodokan was that
he was "spreading judo". In that regard, his professional ring
activities were a double-edged sword and mixed blessing.
@
8.
Kohyama
1997, pp. 105-106.
@
9.
Dr.
Noguchi's Journey, 2003, by Atsushi Kita (Kodansha International,
trans. Peter Duefee). Dr. Noguchi also changed his name. He was
originally named Noguchi Seisaku. He died in November 1928 in Bahia,
Brazil via Rio de Janeiro, while investigating a yellow fever outbreak
(Kita pp. 230-231).
@
10.
There
are many excellent studies of Japanese martial arts history (and are
cited in Craze 1). With very few exceptions all are in Japanese
only. However, none have much (or anything) to do with Maeda.
@
11Maeda
described this fight in Susukida 1912-a, pp. 132-155. Susukida almost
certainly embellished it.
References
@
>Cairus,
Jose. (2011). Modernization, Nationalism, and the Elite: The Genesis of
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, 1905-1920. Tempo e Argumento, 3(2), pp.
100-121.
Gracie,
Reila. (2008). Carlos Gracie: O Criador de uma Dinastia.
Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Jūdō Daijiten
_“¹‘厫“T•ÒWGˆõ‰ï. (1999). _“¹‘厫“T. “Œ‹ž: ƒAƒeƒl‘–[.
Koga
ŒÃ‰êŽc¯.
(1934). u“¹ŠÙ¡Ì•¨Œê.
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’}–€‘–[.
@
**
More
Myths and Misconceptions about the Gracie Family and Gracie Jiu-Jitsu,
Brazilian Jiu-jitsu, and jiu-jitsu, see:
Four
Questions & Answers about BJJ History
The
Backstory
Myths
and Misconceptions in 1988 Gracies in Action 1
Myths
and Misconceptions about Gracie Jiu-Jitsu in 1989 Playboy Article
Myths
and Misconceptions in 1992 Gracies in Action 2
Myths
and Misconceptions about Gracie Jiu-Jitsu in Japan
Myths
and Misconceptions about Jiu-Jitsu and BJJ@
Posted
October 22, 2019 (JST)
Updated
November Updated
November
6, 2919 (JST). Thanks to an anon. reader for bringing the Joe Rogan-Edward
Norton interview to our attention. Updated
November
6, 2919 (JST). Thanks to an anon. reader for bringing the Joe Rogan-Edward
Norton interview to our attention.
Updated November 19, 2019, several typos
fixed.
(c) 2019, Roberto Pedreira. All rights reserved.
Revised slightly December 15, 2020. Myths #1 and #5 clarified.
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